Ford Motor Company: Challenges and Opportunities

Ford Motor Company: Challenges and Opportunities The purpose of the following report is to identify the most significant problems facing the Ford Motor Corporation and recommend a course of action that most adequately resolves the challenges of todays marketplace. It begins by outlining three of the major challenges facing the Ford Motor Company: Fords current business plan is not as financially and environmentally sustainable as it could be. Global economic markets are performing far worse than Ford had expected in prior planning. Fords market share in developing foreign markets is lower than desired. The report recommends that Ford should focus on creating a more financially and environmentally sustainable business model by developing energy efficient and environmentally sustainable automobile models in every vehicle class. These models should be developed without significant increases in consumer cost or decreases in overall performance. This is to be accomplished by revamping Fords research and development program. Some potentially promising areas of research include hybrid electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and electric vehicles. Ford has the opportunity to make the most progress by focusing on hybrid vehicle research and development. This is to be done by redirecting other RD expenditures and efforts, scaling back production to free up additional funds, initiating a new public relations campaign to inform consumers about the new sustainable Ford plan, and creating partnerships with leading technology and engineering firms. The report then presents an ethical screen outlining the moral considerations this course of action entails. While the creation of a more sustainable business model builds upon Fords ethical commitments, the loss of jobs resulting from proposed production and retail facility closures conflicts with these principles. And while a course of action that brings about greater job losses to Ford employees is less than ideal, it arises from market conditions. Lack of action may result in even greater job losses on a long-term scale. In this way, the recommended course of action resonates with the ethical commitments outlined in Fords Mission Statement. A feasibility report discusses Fords ability to achieve these goals. As of 2007, the Ford Motor Company maintained the second highest RD budget in the world, with a hybrid vehicle program already well underway. In the year 2000, Ford unveiled the first U.S. made hybrid-vehicle, an accomplishment that sets Ford apart from its U.S. competitors. This report concludes that Ford possesses adequate resources and abilities to reach these new goals. A cost-benefit analysis then weighs potential losses against gains that may arise from this plan. The proposed course of action is high-risk is cost-intensive, however the potential benefits of increased income outweigh the expenditures Ford stands to lose while pursuing this goal and the equally high-risk option of failing to act on this pressing challenge and opportunity. Finally, the report outlines a preliminary budget, timeline, and a step-by-step course of action. Overall, the proposed plan is intended to cost Ford little in terms of net expenditure, and should be completed in its entirely by the year 2015. Position The Ford Motor Company is one of the largest automotive manufactures in the world (OICA). Founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company is currently one of Americas Big Three auto manufacturers, along with Chrysler and General Motors (Datamonitor 13). As of 2009, Fords net worth in assets was $222.977 billion (Ford 67). Fords market capitalization in 2006 was reported at just over $13 billion (Kiley), and the companys total equity as of 2009 stands at negative $17.311 billion (Ford 67). Debt notwithstanding, Ford stands apart from Chrysler and GM as the only Big Three manufacturer to not seek bankruptcy or government bailout since the onset of the current financial recession. Ford has incorporated Lincoln Mercury, Volvo, Aston Martin and one-third of Mazda into its brand roster. Fords Mission Statement is titled the One Ford Mission. It is divided into three parts One Team, One Plan, One Goal and is included in this reports Appendix on page 17. Ford strives to be one of the leading automotive manufacturers in the world, and to sustain this position for generations to come. Furthermore, Ford strives to provide its consumers with an affordable, ethical, and quality product. There are a number of key stakeholders that rely on the Ford brand, including financial investors, consumers, and large companies and government organizations that depend on Ford to maintain reliable fleets of vehicles (Datamonitor 14). Challenges to Ford While the Ford Motor Companys influence on the automotive industry is undeniable, a wide variety of challenges are preventing Ford from capitalizing on the opportunities presented by todays shifting economic and social landscapes. Three of these challenges will be outlined in the following section. They are listed in order of priority. Fords current automobile models are not as energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable as they could be. William Clay Ford Jr. echoes the sentiments of Ford Motor Companys Mission Statement in a recent interview: For us, sustainability is not just about the environment if you dont have a sustainable business model, none of the rest matters (Bonini and Kaas). Ford prides itself as a company built both on innovation as well as ethical responsibility. Yet Ford trails significantly behind Toyota in terms of hybrid technology and GM in terms of larger-class hybrid vehicles (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson 21). With no hybrid or alternative energy models of its own in several vehicle classes, Ford has much ground to cover in becoming a leader in environmental sustainability. Global economic markets are performing far worse than Ford had expected in prior planning. This poor planning has resulted in a $34.3 billion debt that strains Fords already tight budget (Ford 28). Compounding these problems, consumer confidence is, in turn, exasperatingly low (Datamonitor 9) with most consumers unwilling to make large purchases until markets improve. While government incentives such as the so-called cash-for-clunkers legislation and tax-credits for hybrid vehicle owners have helped American auto manufacturers weather unusually low sales figures, these fixes are temporary (U.S. Department of Energy). Fords market share in developing foreign markets is lower than desired. While Ford posted a 1.1% gain in domestic market shares this year (16.1% up from 15.0% at the close of 2008), the company remains fourth in total global sales behind Toyota, GM, and Volkswagen (OICA) and possesses only 2.0% of all automotive sales in the companys South Asia Africa sector, which includes the rapidly emerging markets of China and India (Ford 19). While Ford ultimately must address all of these challenges to remain competitive and fulfill its Mission Statement, the remainder of this report will focus on how Ford can create more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable automobiles. In so doing, Ford stands to develop consumer acquisitions and brand loyalty by addressing rapidly changing needs of consumers and other stakeholders. Consumer Needs Research is showing that more and more consumers do not want to own cars that are not fuel-efficient. This is due to financial as well as ethical considerations (Prickett 29). Rising gas prices are increasing the importance of fuel-efficiency for consumers (Bonini and Kaas) and governments are willing to offer incentives to consumers in exchange for their purchases of more fuel-efficient vehicles. As the U.S. economy is based largely on fossil fuel usage and as increasing scarcity is beginning to characterize fossil fuel sources worldwide there is social interest vested in increasing overall reliance on sustainable energy sources. To remain competitive, Ford must not only acknowledge this future, but embrace it. Domestic and global auto-manufacturers stand to gain a competitive edge if Ford does not act on this changing consumer need quickly. More and more hybrid models emerge every year, with GM leading the way in larger hybrid vehicle models (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson). Chinas government and domestic auto-manufacturers have made it clear that they intend to make China the next center of hybrid and light vehicle construction (Gallagher). The clock is ticking and Fords window of opportunity is closing. Sustainability at Ford Ford must work to create sustainable models in all vehicle classes. These models must compare to conventional counterparts in terms of ticket price. On top of this, Ford must ensure that public infrastructure can adequately support these innovations so that consumers are not burdened with new operating complications, costs, or maintenance issues. Potentially promising areas of development include hybrid vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and electric vehicles (Bonini and Kaas). Hybrid vehicles present the least complicated fix in terms of infrastructure and consumer familiarity compared to other alternative fuel types. And while all options must be explored, Fords first step is to focus on developing and expanding its hybrid program. Fords hybrid program is already well underway, and would require less allocation of resources to build upon in comparison with other areas of research and development. Revamping Fords hybrid program will require significant financial commitments. In markets that already leave little breathing room for addition expenditure, this report recommends that Ford funnel all research and development funds into innovating Fords hybrid program. Ford must also develop cooperative RD facilities with leading energy firms, government research groups, and NGOs to save on costs and consolidate resources and knowledge. In addition, Ford should continue scaling back production to meet the lower demands of recession markets (Canis and Platzer) and redirect most of these savings into an expanded RD program. By making these changes in tandem with a massive PR campaign, Ford stands to gain considerable market shares both domestically and abroad (Byron). And while this recommendation is high-risk, the history of the Ford Motor Company demonstrates that Ford functions best when setting itself apart from competitors and taking risks. The Ford Motor Company was build on big thinking and technological innovation (Wren and Greenwood 73), and it is through these methods that Ford will overcome the most pressing challenges of todays market. Benefits to Sustainability Ethical screen. The notion of a more environmentally friendly Ford Motor Company is not only ethically compatible with Fords Mission Statement, it reaffirms and builds upon it. At the same time, there are consequences to this course of action that contain further ethical considerations. Due to the proposed closing of several production and retail facilities, a number of Ford employees stand to lose their jobs. This move is extremely unwelcome in a nation with an unemployment rate already averaging 9.7% (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Ford stands to suffer from bad publicity and to potentially contradict the ethical commitments outlined in its mission statement. This course of action, however, is necessitated by recession markets and does not represent the ultimate intentions of the Ford Motor Company. The strategy of creating a more sustainable Ford is intended to protect the job security of all Ford employees on a long-term basis (i.e. the creation of a more sustainable business model). It is the conclusion of this report, therefore, that this course of action complies with and upholds the ethical commitments outlined in Fords mission statement. Feasibility analysis. In terms of pure research, hybrid technology is fairly well understood and is already utilized by the Ford Motor Company. Focus must be placed on improving hybrid efficiency, performance, and reliability, as well as maintaining affordable costs to consumers. Furthermore, Fords RD facilities are top-notch and already working to develop Fords hybrid program. As of 2007, Ford had the second-largest research and development budget in the world at approximately $8 billion annually (Vijayenthiran). Additionally, Ford was the first auto-manufacturer to offer a U.S.-made hybrid vehicle (in the year 2000) (Carr-Ruffino and Acheson). Based on this information, it is entirely feasible that Ford can produce additional landmark models in the near future provided that adequate resources and proper strategies are applied towards revamping its current hybrid RD program. Cost-Benefit Analysis. There are a number of initial costs that Ford must account for in order to properly execute this course of action. Costs must be covered immediately and will rely on the success of several preliminary budget-saving steps. That said, the total price of developing hybrid models for all vehicle classes is intended to be accounted for through internal budget recoveries; reductions in production costs are meant to reduce the need for increased net spending. The potential benefits of these investments far outweigh initial costs, but are long-term and may not bring significant returns until the entirety of the plan is completed. And while this proposal is financially risky, the current problems facing the Ford Motor Company its potential inability to respond to the challenges and opportunities of a changing marketplace are dire enough that the competitiveness of the company itself is at risk. In this sense, these costs should not only be considered investments, but preventative measures. Costs: public relations campaign: $300 million annually includes costs due to advertising in print, television, radio, and internet media, partnerships with non-profit organizations, market research, and product promotions; revamped RD facilities: $700 million annually includes costs due to equipment, larger research/design staff, new/upgraded facilities, fair-use of patents and other legal expenses, materials, and partnerships with technology firms, government research groups, and NGOs. Total costs: approximately $1 billion annually for the next five years. Monetary benefits: A report from 2009 estimates that by 2015 the global hybrid vehicle market will have risen by 31.3% and be valued at around $67.7 billion (Global Markets Direct). In 2009 the U.S. market comprised 47.5% of all hybrid vehicles sold worldwide (or a predicted $32.16 billion annually in 2015, if the U.S. market share remains the same). Of these 2009 sales, Toyota has currently sequestered the highest market share of 72% percent (R.L Polk Co.). If Ford succeeds in obtaining the highest U.S. market share in prospected hybrid sales by 2015 and if this market share is roughly the same as Toyotas first-ranked share in 2009 Ford could earn up to $23.15 billion in hybrid vehicle sales in 2015 in the U.S. alone (72% of $32.16 billion). While this estimate is extremely rough and represents a very high performance in terms of Fords future hybrid sales, it illustrates the potential monetary benefits that may result from focusing on hybrid development over the next several year s. Other benefits: Financial and environmental sustainability should be considered tremendous benefits in their own right. It is through both that Ford ensures future competitiveness and remains true to its Mission Statement. Recommendations for Ford This report recommends the following steps to achieve success in its goal of creating a more sustainable Ford Motor Company. First, Ford must begin a PR campaign focused on educating consumers about the current status of the automotive industry and to raise awareness about the future Ford is helping to build. The campaign should focus both on consumers who, in general, already look favorably on hybrid vehicles, as well as those who may be skeptical about hybrid performance, cost, and feasibility on a larger scale. Ford must use this campaign to unveil to consumers its five-year plan to create a more sustainable Ford. This should begin immediately and be fully operational after a transition period of no more than four full quarters. Ford should continue this campaign until the Ford brand is synonymous with sustainability. A total of around $300 million per year (from an estimated $1 billion gleaned annually from facility closures) will be allocated towards the development and maintena nce of this new PR campaign. Market research teams will evaluate the success of this campaign twice per quarter. The PR campaign will be considered a success once the Ford brand is recognized above all global competitors as the leader in sustainability and hybrid vehicle production. Second, Ford must begin to significantly scale back production. This should be completed within the next four quarters. While the PR campaign should begin immediately, it may take several months for Ford to assess which production and retail facilities are most extraneous. Qualified workers can be transferred to different positions at RD facilities and public relations departments (Ford will begin recruiting internally). This step will be considered successful once Ford has reduced its production costs by a goal of around $1 billion annually. Managers will monitor the progress of facility closures with goals set at reducing operating costs by about $250 million annually per quarter for the next four quarters. Third, Ford must immediately direct newly acquired funds towards revamping its RD program and focusing this program upon the development of hybrid technologies. This should be completed within the next four quarters and will utilize an additional $700 million annually (gleaned from the estimated $1 billion in reduced annual operating expenses). Achievement teams will assess the growth of Fords hybrid RD program twice per quarter, ensuring that a gain of at least $175 million in addition annual RD funds are available at the end of each quarter. Fourth, Ford must begin to develop relationships and partnerships with leading energy firms. By creating cooperative RD facilities where research tasks, budgets and innovations are shared Ford stands to make significant strides at lower costs and accelerated rates. By sequestering their cooperation early on, Ford stands to gain a competitive edge against competitors. Ford must gain cooperative relationships with the majority of leading energy and engineering firms such as General Electric and Lockheed Martin as well as non-government organizations and federal research groups like the EPAs National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) in Ann Arbor, Michigan (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Costs and evaluations will be incorporated into expanded RD departments. Fifth, Ford must unveil several new models of hybrid vehicles in all vehicle class types. This should be accomplished completely by 2015, followed by the eventual discontinuation or transformation of existing conventional-engine-models in years to follow. Hybrid models should cost no more than current conventional counterparts, and perform comparatively. Vehicle design budgets will be incorporated into expanded RD departments. The challenges facing the Ford Motor Company are great, but will be overcome through innovation and an increased dedication towards environmental and financial sustainability. Ford has repeatedly acted as a revolutionary force throughout history, and it is only through equally radical revolutions and innovations that Ford can help usher a new era in the global automotive industry.

Marketisation of Education Essay

Marketisation is the policy of introducing market forces of supply and demand into education. When the Conservatives came in to power the felt Labour failed to create meritocracy and restructured the system. The 1988 Education Reform Act began the creation of an education market by encouraging competiotion between schools and choice of parents. Before the Education Reform Act, the system was based on The Tripartite System where different types of students would attend one of three different types of schools: Grammar, Technical or Secondary Modern based on the result of their 11+ result. Eventually, it was clear to see that the triparite system didnt focus on equality, as the poorer working-class students would automatically fail the 11+ (restricting them from going to a Grammar school which was intended for the bright and academic) and therefore their chances of success in the future was minimal. Hence, the Education Reform Act was introduced in 1988 under the Tory government introducing a range of measurement; which Ball termed it as the Marketisation of education. This involved a number of changes, such as the introduction of league tables, forcing schools to publish their exam results. The introduction of SAT’s into year 2, year 6 and year 9 at school so formal progress at all schools could be made and monitored and the introduction of the National Curriculum so schools had to teach the same things at the same time. OFSTED was also created so that schools, teachers and pupils were monitored and meeting national standards. Formula funding is an example of a policy where its aimed at creating an education market rather than to tackle inequality. This is where a school receives the same amount of money for each pupil. This can affect a working-class child’s education because if other schools have a higher funding because they are more popular and have better exam results that child is unlikely to get a place at that school and then end up at a less-popular school which has lower exam results because of its lack of funding due to its lack of pupils.

The Most Popular College Essay Samples for Healthcare

The Most Popular College Essay Samples for Healthcare If you're beginning to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a rest and do something different. Sometimes you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Demonstrated interest is a must in the modern competitive admissions scene to stick out from the remainder of the pack. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. In addition, there are simply no limits for downloads! Use outlines, word clouds or absolutely free association to assist you come up with material for every one of the different prompts. The Pain of College Essay Samples for Healthcare Utilise the assistance of our service and don't be concerned about how you complete the school. An excellent college essay isn't just persuasive, it's a piece which highlights the proper attitude to the college, the personal aspirations and the vision the student has once they get in the school. Every city has more than 1 college within it. Find a means to explain why this particular college within this particular city calls to you. The Benefits of College Essay Samples for Healthcare Writing should allow the writer to express his or herself in the very best way possible. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to better their credibility. It's possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Ask a favourite teacher to cover the essay on you, or locate a friend with strong editorial abilities. Many college applicants make the error of attempting to incorporate all their accomplishments and activities in their application essays. Most college authorities require that you compose an application essay before getting an admission. Some institut ions request an essay about a student's choice of a university or career. For example, say you really need the opportunity to learn from the world-famous Professor X. It's important the student has the ability to develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their targets. By doing that the student stays true to the very first paragraph in offering a very clear direction throughout the full essay. He should be in a position to share their values and dreams they hope to achieve once they get the chance to get into the college in the discussion. Excellent writing is about using concrete examples. The previous region of the paragraph functions as the transition in the next paragraph. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. When doing this, you'll obtain an unbelievable knowledge in writing. EssayEdge is the major application essay editing service on earth. As a consequence, spending money to deal with your essays might be challenging. For instance, you may choose to incorporate a heading with the name and address of the indiv idual who will be receiving your letter. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. One of the crucial aspects about a college essay is, it ought to be grammatically coherent. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you always need to remember. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. The way you begin your essay is essential to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better.

Confederation and Constitution - 1416 Words

Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=American+History http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_history.html There were many differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. At the end of the American Revolution the free states needed some sort of control that would generate to a unified country. Issues arose such as: How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom? Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the unalienable individual rights? Their first attempt at solving this issue was the Articles of Confederation, which was a failure for†¦show more content†¦Usually they were states rights advocates, backcountry farmers, poor farmers, the ill-educated and illiterate, debtors, and paper-money advocates. In general, the poorer classes of society. Most of the Antifederalists thought that the Constitution required a bill of righ ts. State governments already had bills of rights but the antifederalists were afraid that they might be overridden by the Constitution. On the opposing side, there were the Federalists. Federalists were supporters of the Constitution that desired a strong central government. Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective. They felt that National government would protect the rights of the people. While their inexperienced ideas at creating a new republican government were practiced, the articles proved to be very weak. George Washington called for a convention in late May 1787; in order speak about the nation’s political and economical problems and revise the Articles. Delegates from eleven out of the thirteen states attended this convention. They decided on a government consisting of three branches: legislative (Congress), executive (the President), and judicial (Supreme Court). These branches were under the checks-and-balances in order to maintain balance in powers and to prevent tyranny in the country. Delegates believed this separation of powers into three different branches would ensure that theShow MoreRelatedConfederation and Constitution1594 Words   |  7 PagesConfederation and Constitution United States History Professor: 9/30/12 The Articles of Confederation were a great start to shaping and unifying our country, but it was just that, a â€Å"start†. It needed to take the country as a whole into consideration in order for it to hold this unity in place. The Articles of Confederation led to the Constitution of the United States. Although similar in some aspects, very different in others. The articles had many weaknesses that wereRead MoreConfederation and Constitution1483 Words   |  6 Pages| Historical Essay: | Confederation and Constitution | | Jason Sherman | | | The Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. However, sanction of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, which resulted in most of the power residing with the state governmentsRead MoreConfederation and Constitution1793 Words   |  8 PagesCONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION    By: Instructor: Comparison between the Articles of Confederation and Constitution The Articles of Confederation, formally known as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, refers to an agreement between the thirteen founding states that first formed the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states. The Articles of Confederation had served as the first U.S. constitution (MerrillRead MoreConfederation And Constitution Vs. Constitution Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesConfederation and Constitution The English Parliament in the 1760s decided to increase taxes to the American colonies, which was established by the colonies as unjust due to taxation without proper representation in the parliament. As a result, the 13th colonies decided to create their own government and in 1777, Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation. This was America’s first written constitution. After the Revolutionary War, the Federal government under the Articles did not have enoughRead MoreConfederation and Constitution Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Constitution of 1787of the United States of America is signed by 38 of 41 delegates present at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Supporters of the document paid a hard won battle to win ratification by the necessary nine out of thirteen U.S. states. The Articles of Confederation, ratified just before the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781. Congress the central authority had the control to govern foreign conc erns, conduct war, and control currency. These powersRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words   |  6 Pageswould enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had beenRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words   |  5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracy

A History of Womens Rights Essay - 1564 Words

Women have always been fighting for their rights for voting, the right to have an abortion, equal pay as men, being able to joined the armed forces just to name a few. The most notable women’s rights movement was headed in Seneca Falls, New York. The movement came to be known as the Seneca Falls convention and it was lead by women’s rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton during July 19th and 20th in 1848. Stanton created this convention in New York because of a visit from Lucretia Mott from Boston. Mott was a Quaker who was an excellent public speaker, abolitionist and social reformer. She was a proponent of women’s rights. The meeting lasted for only two days and was compiled of six sessions, which included lectures on law, humorous†¦show more content†¦Women’s suffrage in the United States began in the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth century until the nineteenth amendment was passed in 1920 to give women the right to vote. Wo men’s rights activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony protested the fifteenth amendment that was passed in 1869 because the amendment unfairly did not include women. While Anthony and Stanton protested this proposed amendment other activists such as Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe fought against the women’s suffrage movement by saying that if African-Americans got their right to vote women would gain theirs soon after. The conflict that arose from the two sides butting heads gave way to the formation of two organizations, the National Women’s Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. The National Women’s Suffrage Association fought for women’s right to vote at a federal level, they also fought for married women to have the same rights as their husbands in regards to property. The American Woman Suffrage Association took a slightly different approach by attempting to get women the right to vote through muc h simpler means of the state legislature. The women involved in these movements finally got their day in Washington on January 12, 1915 as a women’s suffrage bill was brought before the House of Representatives butShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Womens Movement for Suffrage and Womens Rights1200 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to the famous movement for womens suffrage in the society, women had little or no say in the society. If they happen to be working, it was gruelling things like housework that would sometimes extend over the course of the whole day, or, later on during the famous industrialization era that took place, in various factories they get paid very little and work long hours. On the other hand women had the go ahead to vote but in only some states, it was practically a big joke to think of a womanRead MoreEssay on Womens Rights in Canadian History1838 Words   |  8 PagesA Women’s Rights to Equality in Canada Every woman has the right to moral, legal and political choice. As we look to the past, women fought for the right to be treated the same as men and fundamentally to have the same rights as men. Prior to the turn of the century, women had little to no rights. World War I and II gave way to change, allowing women to work and eventually allowing them to vote. The feminist movement has made drastic progress since the war. Today women are seen as equal andRead MoreHistory of the Evolution of Womens Rights Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesno control over their money or property. Thanks to the women’s right movement, this has all changed and things run a little differently now. Spouses are now equal under the law and property is shared between them. In the common law, all women’s property except land and improvements went to her husband and it became under his control. â€Å"She† pretty much had no say in what happened to any of her things. Women were slowly losing all of their rights. If the husband wrote in his will that everything wasRead MoreWomens Rights And Democracy In Turkey : The History Of Turkey1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of Turkey stretches back about 40,000 years. Although, Turkey was never colonized by another nation state, it was once occupied by the one of the largest and long-lasting empires in history, the Ottoman Empire. Following World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, Turkey achieved its independence on October 29, 1923. Following a period of one-party rule by the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal, the Turkish government decided to instead form and organize multi-party elections toRead MoreThe Fight to Vote Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pageshave the right to vote. In many st ates, they could only vote if their state allowed them the privilege. The dedicated men and women fought for their right to vote in the Civil Rights Movement in the early and mid 1900s. Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment and the Voting Rights Act to give African Americans the rights to vote. It would have not occurred if the Civil Rights Movement had not taken place. The Nineteenth Amendment would not have occurred either if not for the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreWomens Suffrage1114 Words   |  5 PagesWomens Suffrage University of Phoenix - Online HIS/120 - US History 1865 - 1945 November 2007 Womens Suffrage Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the suffrage movement. Womens Suffrage Background Read MoreGrace Kirby. Trahan. English 8. 3/22/17. Elizabeth Cady904 Words   |  4 PagesGrace Kirby Trahan English 8 3/22/17 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Fight for Women’s Rights In the early 1800 s women were expected to stay in the home and care for the children. They were not allowed to vote or own property. The women were also expected to care for their husband’s needs. When a woman entered into marriage she lost her rights to speak for herself and she could not work for wages outside the home. A shift in the societal environment for women started with an idea of equality whichRead MoreWomens Rights Movement1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement.   The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. MargaretRead MoreWhat was the Women’s Suffrage Movement, and How did it Change America?711 Words   |  3 PagesSuffrage: the right to vote in political elections. The men in America have always had the right to vote. 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Different Wars, Similar Outcome Free Essays

Wars that lay buried in history and wars present in the world today unite through the most common and blatant reality of war: violence resulting in imminent death. Literature often presents different perspectives of these wars that ultimately tie together and bring forth the actuality of war. Timothy Findley’s The Wars and Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† present a precise example of different pieces of literature that connect through the common theme of war. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Wars, Similar Outcome or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† offer the unconcealed and harsh violence of war and through vivid imagery, these authors depict life at war. Additionally, both of these works contain the four basic elements of life – earth, water, fire, and air – to reveal that these four basic elements can represent death as well. Moreover, the theme of appearance versus reality impacts both works profoundly through the ruthless truth of war as compared to the credulous beliefs of war. Through these ways, a novel and a poem unify to unveil the truth about war and convince audiences of the violent reality of warfare. The violent nature of war is visibly illustrated in both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†. Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/could-cold-war-have-been-avoided/embed/#?secret=YDGRhcB2aS" data-secret="YDGRhcB2aS" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Death, the impending result of such violence, is an underlying theme that highlights both literary works and assists audiences in grasping the severe veracity of war itself. In Findley’s The Wars, death assists in emphasizing the overall violence imprinted by the war. â€Å"Half an hour later, Rodwell wandered into No Man’s Land and put a bullet through his ears. † (Findley, 135) Similarly, Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† incorporates death to underline the extreme violence caused by war, when in line 15 and 16, the author watches in his â€Å"helpless sigh [as] he plunges at [him], guttering, choking, and drowning. (Owen, 15, 16) The presence of violence is also evident in both works between characters and victims of war. Robert Ross, the main character from The Wars, experiences this violence firsthand when, alone and defenceless, he experiences the brutality of war through rape. â€Å"His legs were forced apart so far he thought they were going to be broken. Mouths began to suck at his privates. Hands and fingers probed and poked at every part of his body. Someone struck him in the face. † (Findley, 174) In Owen’s poem, this brutality is described through the â€Å"white eyes† of the â€Å"writhing† victim of the war (Owen, 19). His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin; if [one] could hear, at every jolt, the blood come gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs†¦ † (Owen, 20-22) This dramatic picture painted by both authors displays the terrible and violent effects of war as well as the fatal outcome violence trails behind. The violent results of war are represented through the use of the four elements of life in both works – earth, water, fire, and air. Both Findley and Owen describe the devastating outcome that these four elements that usually symbolize life can bring. Fire implies deep suffering and overall destruction in the battlefield, and as The Wars narrates, fire can become a damaging weapon. â€Å"The nights lit up with flames of a terrible new weapon†¦ it was something called a flame thrower†¦ fire storms raged along the front. Men exploded where they stood†¦ homes fell with their bones on fire†¦ She believed her country was being destroyed by fire. † (Findley, 131-132, 136) Likewise, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† describes fire as â€Å"haunting flares† and as damaging â€Å"like a man in fire†(Owen, 3, 12). Fire, however, differs greatly from the earth, which embodies a trap in combat that slowly confines its victims. In The Wars, earth is portrayed as a grave in which its victims â€Å"drowned in mud. Their graves, it seemed, just dug themselves and pulled down. † (Findley, 70) Correspondingly, Owen’s portrayal of soldiers crossing through this earth is a picture painted with hardships, violence, and suffering. â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars undersacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through the sludge†¦ any had lost their boots, but limped on, blood-shod. † (Owen, 1-2, 5-6) Another element that forms a part of war is water and through Owen’s depiction, audiences can see how this element can serve as a life-ending source. † As under a green sea, [he] saw him drowning. † (Owen, 14) The Wars also demonstrates that water can be a powerful element that is capable of engulfing completely its surroundings during times of conflict and war. â€Å"On either side, the ditches are filled with fetid water. Everything is waterlogged. Even bits of grass won’t float. (Findley, 69) The final element used in both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is air and in both works, this holds great value and significance. Owen illustrates that during war, air can serve as a deadly killer that tragically ends one’s life. â€Å"Gas! GAS! Quick boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling fitting the clumsy helmets just in time†¦ through the misty panes†¦ I saw him drowning†¦ guttering, choking, drowning. † (Owen, 9-10, 13, 14, 16) The Wars also portrays the fatalities that the usual life-nourishing air can bring forth in times of fighting and loss. â€Å"The smoke from the brazier burned his eyes. He was fearful of the fumes from the coke. Men had died in their sleep down the line in a dugout with no ventilation. (Findley, 90) When all these four elements of life are brought together during times of tension and wars, they can slowly, painfully, and tragically end lives. As seen in The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, these elements possess enough power to kill the lives of many in just an instant in the battlefield, leaving behind nothing more than fallen corpses and overall suffering. Wars and battles signify great suffering along with substantial loss. Findley and Owen successfully represent these two major themes of war and more importantly, both works are able to illustrate the most unforeseen theme of war: appearance versus reality. Owen flawlessly exemplifies this theme by revealing the cold reality of war and the violence that is â€Å"obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud. † (Owen, 23) â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† brings forth the powerful message that the realities of war are far more destructive than thought by anyone before and if people knew of the unrestrained truth, â€Å"[they] would not tell with such high zest the old lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (Owen, 26-28) This saying, that it is sweet and right to die for your own country, is viewed as a lie to the author’s eyes most likely because he knows the cruel reality of war and not the much talked about and happy reality of war. This happier reality of war is portrayed in The Wars through Robert and his desire to go to war, thinking it w as an escape. â€Å"Robert envied him because he could go away when this was over and surround himself with space. † (Findley, 19) What looked like an escape from the violent death of Robert’s sister, however, was in reality a doorway to a brutal path of violence resulting in his own demise. The open space this character dreamed about became his prison and later on lead to his violent death. â€Å"There were flames all around him†¦ looking down at Robert after the flames had been extinguished, he was barely able to recognize that Robert had a face† (Findley, 192). Robert as well as the character in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† both see the charm of war melt before their eyes and both come to the realization from first-hand experience the cruel realities of war. The callous reality of war is seen throughout the world, whether it is represented through present day wars or wars that complete part of history. Literature presents diverse viewpoints of war that unite through extreme violence resulting in significant deaths. Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and Findley’s The Wars portray ideal examples of literature connected through the lucid actuality of war. Both works provide a vivid and gruesome description of the massive violence perceived in war. This immense violence carried out in war is represented through the four elements of life – earth, water, fire, and air – which are characterized in the battlefield of each literary work as elements that represent death as well. Furthermore, the theme of appearance versus reality influences both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† intensely through the cruel truth of war as compared to the unsuspecting and naive beliefs of war. Overall, both literary works serve their purpose in depicting the horrid reality about war and both accurately portray the war in a way that audiences can clearly see the violent actuality of war. Unknowingly, these two pieces of literature connect and foil one another in the description of wars and their violent veracity. How to cite Different Wars, Similar Outcome, Papers

Analysis Of The Leadership Traits And Qualities Of Lady Obama

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of The Leadership Traits And Qualities Of Lady Obama. Answer: Leadership is both an art and science. According to Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube (2015, p. 10), Leadership is both an inbuilt quality and a development that a person can undertake. However, all leaders must possess certain traits and qualities which are extremely essential to become a good leader. These traits include characteristics like Personality, Charisma, empathy, courage, confidence and perseverance. The given essay throws light on the leadership traits of one such inspiring leader named Michelle Obama. Lady Obama is the wife of the former American President Barrack Obama and the First Lady of White. Through her hard work, intellect and personality she has portrayed herself as a true leader at various occasion. The essay analysis the various traits of a good leader and relates them to that of Obama. The latter half of the essay discuses two relevant theories related to the traits of a leader and how the qualities of Michelle Obama justify the definition of those theories. The following section will be an analysis of the leadership traits and qualities of Lady Obama along with practical examples in order to further build the argument of her being an ideal leader. Michelle Obama was not like another first lady that the White House had witnessed, her strong personality, capability to motivate and inspire was one of the most breathtaking points about her performance. During various instances, she went against the odds and took a stand for the correct action. For instance, during her speech at Tuskegee University she supported the black students and reminded them to stay strong at all times .Michelle has always taken a stance against various social issues without thinking about the various aspects of her status and that is what makes her of an extremely strong personality. All of us driven by a simple belief that the world as it is just wont do that we have an obligation to fight for the world as it should be. Michelle Obama One of the most essential qualities of being a leader is that the person who is a leader must be compassionate. Compassionate does not mean being more soulful towards something you love or do but being compassionate towards people from all walks of life (Bhatti et al. 2012). Michelle was a lawyer before becoming the First Lady of America and fought against injustice through addressing various social issues. She understood the importance of compassion and empathy in the various relationships to build trust among all. The third critical leadership quality in Michelle Obama is confidence. She is extremely confident who portrayed her skill in various ways like giving inspiring inauguration speeches in order to give rise to courage among women and enhance their self esteem. One of the best qualities about Michelle has been that she has never shied away from expressing and rooting for what she believes. A leader without confidence will not be able to guide a team towards the success of the given goals of the organization (Saltshein.com.au. 2018). With her skill of self confidence, Lady Obama has been able to set an example that voice matters and if someone powerful raises his or her voice for the correct motive, they have the ability to change the scenario. Michelle Obama has a charismatic personality and the magic of captivating her audience during the various speeches she gives. The ability to engage the audience and make them feel important and motivated is the skills which are extremely important for a leader. She resonated these speeches using examples from her personal life and academic experience in a manner that inspired thousands of other women to compete well in life and standup for what they deserve. During the reign of her husband, Barrack Obama she never lost her confidence and commented on the sexist remarks given by other politicians (Inspiringleadershipnow.com 2018). Some of her most engaging speeches have been the DNC 201 Speech, Internal Women`s Day speech and at Maya Angelou`s Memorial Service. You should never view your changes as a disadvantage. Instead, its important for you to understand that your experience facing and overcoming adversity is actually one of your biggest advantages.- Michelle Obama The next important trait of a leader which is present in Michelle Obama is Perseverance. Difficulties are often a part of life and it is during these times that a person`s skills and capabilities are tested (Donate and de Pablo 2015, p.365). It is during this time that the perseverance of person is tested. Michelle Obama showed a high level of perseverance by going against all the odds and achieving several milestones at the White House. She changed the norms by passing a bipartisan School Lunch program in order to provide free meals to poor children. She also launched a program like the Reach Higher initiate to encourage people to prioritize their education. Staying committed towards ones goals and determining the path of success is an essential quality of a leader (Matsa and Miller 2013, pp. 144-146). The art of perseverance is a quality which helps leaders in succeeding their business. Another important quality in Michelle Obama is her inspirational aura. A leader should have a personality that inspires other people to perform well and overcome political transcended lines along with radical divisions (McKnight 2013, p. 103). Her career as the First Lady was contributed towards poverty, inequality and obesity. She was looked up to by millions and her inspirational quality bought about huge changes in the minds of the people and the various community members. Without honesty, one cannot go a long way in a position like that of a leader. Michelle Obama believes in the same and was often heard saying in her speech that there exists no shortcuts in the process of achieving great milestones. It was observed that she showed her honest side to others and dedicated her time to various realistic social issues even before and after her husband`s tenure. A leader is required to be authentic and awe-inspiring (Northouse 2015, p. 265). These qualities went a long way to make her successful. She showed infinite amount of dedication each day and converted various successful programs with her persistent efforts. A business environment is extremely competitive. A life of a leader is not easy and he or she has to go through various extreme situations (Parris and Peachey 2013, p. 382). However, one thing which was learnt from the tenure of Michelle Obama was her great performance under pressure. She portrayed herself in a respectful light at all times and under the scrutiny of a thousand followers. She has always believed that the manner in which one tends to carry themselves goes a long way in determining one`s values and composure, a quality which leaders must possess for the befit of the society at large. A leader should not have a God like presence otherwise the audience in general may find it extremely difficult to associate with them (Van Wart 2014, p. 133). A leader must be relatable to others. As a black woman, Michelle Obama narrated her stay at Princeton and reflected in how she was always made to feel like an outsider thereby relating to the experience of a thousand others going through the same aspect. She never detached herself from reality and always maintained her position with the people. The reason behind her success as a leader was the ability of various women to see themselves as Michelle and her daily struggles . Hence, Michelle Obama`s from the heart experiences and speech inspired and awed others which was a primary aspect of her success as a leader. Timemanagement was also another quality of Michelle Obama which made her extremely successful as a leader (Forbes.com. 2018). A leader has a wide number of aspects and duties; all of which need to be managed well and the time have to be managed effectively and efficiently (Chemers 2014, pp. 189-192).She successfully completed her duties as a mother and even remained focused on her duty as a social leader. Lastly, as a good communicator, Michelle Obama was able to reach out to a million of hearts and be a favorite among one and all. The next section will be discussing the various theories and models related to leadership and how they outline the important traits present in a leader and their application to the qualities possessed by Michelle Obama. The leadership style of Michelle Obama A transformational leadership style can be referred to as one of the best leadership styles a leader whereby the leader visions a sustainable future and vision for the people (Parris and Peachey 2013, p. 386). Their acts and promises motivate people to act and achieve those dreams in order to build a successful society. The leadership style of Michelle Obama hence can be described as a transformational one whereby she has been successful in delivering excellence to the various people and helping them to understand the importance of honesty and integrity. Leadership theories The trait theory of leadership states that the successful leaders in an organization share certain common characteristics and traits. According to Daft (2014, pp. 56-59), leadership is a theory that is inbuilt and cannot be developed. However Bolman and Deal (2017, pp. 209-211), states that leadership qualities can be developed over time. According to the Trait theories, good leaders have certain qualities like assertiveness and decision making which go a long way in leading others and helping them out. However, all of these traits are not inbuilt in a person and need to be built over time. Hence, as seen, these theory states down certain characteristics of leaders like consistency, honesty, timemanagement and others. As observed Michelle Obama, possesses all the essential qualities that were required in a leader. Various instances have reflected how Michelle Obama has got the qualities essential in a leader like honesty, sympathy and perseverance. Therefore, if judged on the basis o f this theory, Michelle would ass as a perfect leader. The next theory is the Behavioral Theory. The behavioral theory states that there are certain set patterns in which an ideal leader must behave. According to Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee (2013, pp. 200-205), the theory leaders are of three types leaders, autocratic, democratic and Laissez Faire leaders. These leaders vary in their leadership style with respect to the way they handle the members in a society. The autocratic leaders take decisions without consulting anyone (Fairhurst and Connaughton 2014, p. 20). On the other hand, the democratic leaders allow a certain level of input and walks along with the team members. Laiisez faire leaders on the other hand, do not interfere at all. According to Chaudhry and Javed (2012, p. 58), the manner in which the leader behaves tends to have a huge impact on one`s performance. Therefore, it is suggested that a leader needs to walk with people. Michelle Obama can be described as a democratic leader who walks along side her people and manages t hem effectively. She has conducted various programs which have portrayed this side of her. According to Daft (2014, p. 199),Michelle Obama from time to time has portrayed her capability as a leader through programs like Let`s MOVE which was about bringing together various leaders to deal with the problem of child obesity. After that she launched Joining forces supporting the families of servicemen. Through her Reach Higher initiative she inspired many young people to complete their dream education program. Hence, from time to time Michelle has shown her capabilities as a true leader. Therefore, from the given analysis it can be said that a leader is truly an individual who knows the way and shows the way. He or she must be an epitome of values, intelligence and positivity. The essay identifies the various qualities that a leader must possess and their application to the personality of Lady Obama. The latter half of the essay concentrates on various important theories of leadership and proves how according to them Michelle Obama, is an image of a perfect leader. After analyzing the leadership traits of Michelle Obama, it can be stated that she does possess all the essential qualities of a good leader and that under her leadership; the society of United States did progress well. References Amanchukwu, R.N., Stanley, G.J. and Ololube, N.P., 2015. A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management.Management,5(1), pp.6-14. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), p.192. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Donate, M.J. and de Pablo, J.D.S., 2015. The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.360-370. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), pp.7-35. Forbes.com. ,2018.Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2012/09/24/5-leadership-takeaways-from-michelle-obama/2/#316d1ad954f0 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2018]. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Inspiringleadershipnow.com ,2018.Michelle Obamas 10 Most Admirable Leadership Qualities. [online] Inspiring Leadership Now. Available at: https://www.inspiringleadershipnow.com/leadership-qualities-michelle-obama/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2018]. 1, D.A. and Miller, A.R., 2013. A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,5(3), pp.136-169. McKnight, L.L., 2013. Transformational leadership in the context of punctuated change.Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,10(2), p.103. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W., 2013. A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), pp.377-393. Saltshein.com.au. ,2018.What we can learn from Michelle Obama about leadership | Salt Shein. [online] Available at: https://www.saltshein.com.au/corporate-affairs-insights/what-we-can-learn-from-michelle-obama-about-leadership/ [Accessed 21 Mar. 2018]. Van Wart, M., 2014.Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge. The articles marked in the given color are peer-reviewed articles